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During the grave war years the greater part of the burden of factory and field work lay on the shoulders of women and young workers. Thousands of young people were compelled to leave school so as to take the places at the bench and lathe of their fathers and brothers who left for the front. Therefore, every young person who did not finish his education on account of the war, must now fill up the gap.

This paper attempts to establish the general formula for computing the inverse of grey matrix, and the results are applied to solve grey linear programming. The inverse of a grey matrix and grey linear programming plays an important role in establishing a grey computational system.

Starting from the fact that missing information often appears in complex systems, and therefore that true values of elements are uncertain when the authors construct a matrix, as well as calculate its inverse. However, the authors can get their ranges, which are called the number-covered sets, by using grey computational rules. How to get the matrix-covered set of inverse grey matrix became a typical approach. In this paper, grey linear programming was explained in detail, for the point of grey meaning and the methodology to calculate the inverse grey matrix can successfully solve grey linear programming.

The results show that the ranges of grey value of inverse grey matrix and grey linear programming can be obtained by using the computational rules.

Because the matrix and the linear programming have been widely used in many fields such as system controlling, economic analysis and social management, and the missing information is a general phenomenon for complex systems, grey matrix and grey linear programming may have great potential application in real world. The methodology realizes the feasibility to control the complex system under uncertain situations.

The paper successfully obtained the ranges of uncertain inverse matrix and linear programming by using grey system theory, when the elements of matrix and the coefficients of linear programming are intervals and the results enrich the contents of grey mathematics.

The purpose of this research is to propose a new choice of nonnegative parameter t in Dai–Liao conjugate gradient method.

Conjugate gradient algorithms are used to solve both constrained monotone and general systems of nonlinear equations. This is made possible by combining the conjugate gradient method with the Newton method approach via acceleration parameter in order to present a derivative-free method.

A conjugate gradient method is presented by proposing a new Dai–Liao nonnegative parameter. Furthermore the proposed method is successfully applied to handle the application in motion control of the two joint planar robotic manipulators.

The proposed algorithm is a new approach that will not either submitted or publish somewhere.

To suggest a polynomial complexity method for determining the range of real eigenvalues in the case of the generalized eigenvalue problem when the elements of the matrices involved are independent intervals.

The basic approach is to make use of approximate interval solutions as regards the right and left eigenvectors of the eigenproblem considered, the so‐called outer solutions, in order to determine the range.

First, a new method for computing the outer solutions has been suggested. The main result of the paper, however, is the development of a simple method for determining the range of the real eigenvalues. Unlike the known general‐purpose methods that have exponential complexity, the present range determination method is much simpler as its complexity is only polynomial.

The method is applicable if certain sufficient conditions reported in the paper are satisfied (an incomplete quadratic system is to have a positive solution and the signs of the outer solutions should satisfy a complete or partial invariance).

The method guarantees reliable numerical results when the original eigenproblems contain interval uncertainties as is, strictly speaking, most often the case in practice.

To the best of the author's knowledge, the present paper suggests, for the first time, a simple method of polynomial complexity for solving the problem considered which is inherently a NP‐hard problem (of exponential complexity).

The purpose of this paper is to present the results in the area of modern computer‐aided control system design tools relating to system identification.

The finite‐frequency identification method was designed for the needs of active identification. The test signal represents the sum of harmonics with automatically tuned (self‐tuned) amplitudes and frequencies where the number of harmonics does not exceed the state space dimension of the plant. The self‐tuning of amplitudes is carried out to satisfy those requirements on the bounds of the input and output which hold true in the absence of a test signal.

In this paper, the software implementation of finite‐frequency identification method in the system GAMMA is considered. GAMMA is the two‐level computer‐aided design (CAD) tool for identification and controllers algorithms synthesis for linear plants.

The system GAMMA is the complete and really working system.

A new structure of the CAD tool for engineers‐developers of control systems is proposed and its program implementation is described. The new variant of finite‐frequency identification method with self‐tuning of identification parameters (test signal and identification time) is considered.

A 2D numerical simulation using a finite element technique is presented for computing spreading resistance of a semiconductor buried ridge stripe laser. The simplified physical model is analyzed from the functional analysis point of view and a proof of existence and uniqueness of the nonlinear partial differential equations obtained from this simplified model is given. The discrete associated nonlinear problem is solved on triangular finite elements using conjugate gradient algorithms. Some results are presented for a specific semiconductor laser

Biotechnology is closely associated to microfluidics. During the last decade, designs of microfluidic devices such as geometries and scales have been modified and improved according to the applications for better performance. Numerous sensor technologies existing in the industry has potential use for clinical applications. Fabrication techniques of microfluidics initially rooted from the electromechanical systems (EMS) technology.

In this review, we emphasized on the most available manufacture approaches to fabricate microchannels, their applications and the properties which make them unique components in biological studies.

Major fundamental and technological advances demonstrate the enhancing of capabilities and improving the reliability of biosensors based on microfluidic. Several researchers have been reported verity of methods to fabricate different devices based on EMS technology due to the electroconductivity properties and their small size of them. Therefore, controlled fabrication method of MEMS plays an important role to design and fabricate a highly selective detection of medical devices in a variety of biological fluids. Stable, tight and reliable monitoring devices for biological components still remains a massive challenge and several studies focused on MEMS to fabricate simple and easy monitoring devices.

This paper is not submitted or under review in any other journal.

The Chinese Telecoms Industry has been rapidly growing over the years since 2001. An analysis of financial performance of the three giants in this industry is very important. However, it is difficult to know how many ratios can be used best with little information loss. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

A total of 18 financial ratios were calculated based on the financial statements for three companies, namely, China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom for a period of 17 years. A principal component analysis was run to come up with variables with significance value above 0.5 from each component.

At the end, the authors conclude how financial performance can be analysed using 12 ratios instead of the costly analysis of too many ratios that may be complex to interpret. The results also showed that ratios are all related as they come from the same statements, hence, the authors can use a few to represent the rest with limited loss of information.

This study will help different stakeholders who are interested in the financial performance of each company by giving them a shorter way to analyse performance. It will also assist those who do financial reporting on picking the ratios which matter in reflecting the performance of their companies. The use of PCA gives unbiased ratios that are most significant in assessing performance.

This paper offers an empirical overview of European emergency managers' institutional arrangements and guidelines for using social media in risk and crisis communication.

The authors collected and analysed material including publicly accessible relevant legal acts, policy documents, official guidelines, and press reports in eight European countries – Germany, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Hungary, Finland, Norway, and Estonia. Additionally, the authors carried out 95 interviews with emergency managers in the eight countries between September 2019 and February 2020.

The authors found that emergency management institutions' social media usage is rarely centrally controlled and social media crisis communication was regulated with the same guidelines as crisis communication on traditional media. Considering this study's findings against the backdrop of existing research and practice, the authors find support for a “mixed arrangement” model by which centralised policies work in tandem with decentralised practices on an ad hoc basis.

Comparative insights about institutional arrangements and procedural guidelines on social media crisis communication in the studied countries could inform the future policies concerning social media use in other emergency management systems.

This study includes novel, cross-national comparative data on the institutional arrangements and guidelines for using social media in emergency management in the context of Europe.

People with dementia require care at home, in care homes and in hospitals, which has implications for the current and future workforce in health and social care. To inform regional workforce development planning in dementia care, Health Education East of England commissioned an organisational audit of current dementia training at NHS Trusts and in social care across Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Qualitative methods and non-probability purposive sampling were used for recruitment and data collection. The audit included NHS Trusts, local authorities, clinical commissioning groups, and health and social care organisations involved in commissioning and providing dementia education and training in the two counties.

Whilst there was considerable investment in dementia awareness training, learning was not targeted, assessed or structured to ensure on-going professional development.

This has implications for workforce development and career-progression for staff responsible for the care of older people with dementia. Conclusion: if a future workforce is expected to lead, coordinate, support and provide dementia care across health and social care, a qualifying curriculum could play a critical part in ensuring quality and consistency of approach and provision.

This paper makes a timely contribution to discussions on the skills and competencies needed to equip the future workforce for dementia care across health and social care.